ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. It is urgent to find treatments to control the infection and improve symptoms. Homologous modeling and clinical analyses suggest that histamine receptor antagonists have broad prospects in the treatment of COVID-19. This article introduces the research progress of histamine H1 receptor antagonist combined with azithromycin, histamine H2 receptor antagonist famotidine alone or combined with aspirin, and histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists used in combination in the treatment of COVID-19. Finally, the possible mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was introduced and the application prospect of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was analyzed.Copyright © 2022, Second Military Medical University Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Famotidine has been proposed as a promising candidate for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is limited research on the association of famotidine with the poor prognosis of COVID-19. Methods: The Korean nationwide cohort included 6,556 patients who tested positive on RT-PCR for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The poor COVID-19-related outcomes were defined on the basis of having encountered the composite outcome of high oxygen therapy, intensive care unit admission, administration of mechanical ventilation, or death. In addition, we performed exposure-driven propensity score matching for no H2-blocker use versus current famotidine use, and other H2-blocker use versus current famotidine use. Results: 4,785 (73.0%) patients did not use a H2-blocker, 393 (6.0%) patients were currently used famotidine, and 1,292 (19.7%) patients currently used H2-blocker other than famotidine. In multivariable analysis after matching (no H2-blocker use versus current famotidine use), there was no significant association between current famotidine use and composite outcomes (adjusted odd ratios [aOR]: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-3.06). On the other hand, another matched cohort (other H2-blocker use versus current famotidine use), demonstrated a positive association between current famotidine use and composite outcomes (aOR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.03-12.28). Conclusions: Our study results did not support the potential of famotidine as a therapeutic agent for COVID-19. A rather unexpected result could be observed in the comparisons between current famotidine use and other H2-blocker use; it was observed that current famotidine use increased the risk of poor COVID-19 related outcomes. Further studies are needed to clearly prove the causal relationship with several H2-blockers, including famotidine.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This is an investigation of the efficacy and safety of famotidine, a selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist, on improvement of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety symptoms developing post-COVID-19, in a 12-week, randomized controlled trial. METHODS: A total of 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and a score ≤ 23 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test or a score ≤ 22 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were randomly assigned to either the famotidine (40 mg twice daily) or the placebo group. Changes in MMSE scores at weeks 6 and 12 were the primary outcome, while changes in other scales were the secondary outcomes. Participants and evaluators were blinded. RESULTS: At weeks 6 and 12, patients in the famotidine group had significantly higher MMSE scores (p = 0.014, p < 0.001, respectively). Regarding the MoCA scale, the famotidine group had a significantly higher score at weeks 6 and 12 (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Considering the HAM-D scale (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), at weeks 6 and 12, the famotidine group experienced a larger reduction (p = 0.009, p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, comparison of the HAM-A scale scores (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) at weeks 6 and 12 showed a statistically significant larger reduction in the famotidine group (p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively). The two groups did not differ in the frequency of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Our study supports safety and efficacy of famotidine in treating cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety symptoms induced by COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered at the Iranian registry of clinical trials (IRCT: www.irct.ir; registration number: IRCT20090117001556N138).
ABSTRACT
[ ] The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. It is urgent to find treatments to control the infection and improve symptoms. Homologous modeling and clinical analyses suggest that histamine receptor antagonists have broad prospects in the treatment of COVID-19. This article introduces the research progress of histamine H1 receptor antagonist combined with azithromycin, histamine H2 receptor antagonist famotidine alone or combined with aspirin, and histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists used in combination in the treatment of COVID-19. Finally, the possible mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was introduced and the application prospect of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was analyzed.Copyright © 2022, Second Military Medical University Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. It is urgent to find treatments to control the infection and improve symptoms. Homologous modeling and clinical analyses suggest that histamine receptor antagonists have broad prospects in the treatment of COVID-19. This article introduces the research progress of histamine H1 receptor antagonist combined with azithromycin, histamine H2 receptor antagonist famotidine alone or combined with aspirin, and histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists used in combination in the treatment of COVID-19. Finally, the possible mechanism of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was introduced and the application prospect of histamine receptor antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 was analyzed.
ABSTRACT
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The H-2 blocker famotidine has been suggested as an FDA-approved drug that could potentially be repurposed for treatment of COVID-19. Famotidine has since been shown to improve patient outcomes and reduce symptom severity in patients acutely ill with COVID-19. Other studies have suggested that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might have an association with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether famotidine or any other antireflux medications have a prophylactic or detrimental effect for SARS-CoV-2 infection when taken regularly for the management of acid reflux. METHODS: An anonymous, web-based survey was distributed via email to adult otolaryngology patients to collect demographic data, past medical history, medication history, incidence of symptoms associated with COVID-19, potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and results of any PCR or serological testing. Associations between reflux medications and incidence of COVID-19 cases were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Chi-square with Fisher's exact test, Point-Biserial correlation, Kendall's-tau-b, independent samples t test, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used as appropriate. A binary logistic regression model was fit to determine probability of COVID-19 cases after adjustment for other risk factors. RESULTS: There were 307 patients who responded to the survey. The average age of respondents was 52.63 ± 17.03. Famotidine use was not associated with incidence of laboratory-confirmed (P= 0.717) or symptomatically suspected (P= 0.876) COVID-19. No other reflux medications were found to be significant predictors for laboratory-confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (P> 0.05). Younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.020-1.065, P< 0.001), high risk obesity (OR = 4.005, 95% CI: 1.449-11.069, P= 0.007), and use of a corticosteroid nasal spray (OR = 3.529, 95% CI: 1.352-9.211, P= 0.010) were significant predictors for symptomatically suspected COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between incidence of COVID-19 and use of reflux medications, including famotidine at doses used orally to manage reflux and high dose PPIs. Reflux medications did not protect against or increase the risk of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. The pandemic is associated with high mortality and morbidity and continues to cause significant damage, to both health and the economy. Currently, there is no effective drug for the therapy of COVID-19, and there is also a lack of a single unified protocol for diagnosis and treatment. Currently, medicinal products from different therapeutic groups are used in therapy. Recently, famotidine and omeprazole have been added to the rapidly growing list of possible medications for the treatment of COVID-19 due to their potential therapeutic effects. Aim: This article examines the sales growth trends of two well-known and long-approved drugs, famotidine and omeprazole, and their potential for the treatment of COVID-19. Material and methods: Sales data as an absolute value of two different pharmaceutical products containing omeprazole and famotidine, both prescription and OTC, were analyzed. Historical, statistical, and graphic methods were used. Processing of the results was performed using Microsoft Excel, version 2016. Results: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a short-lived increase in sales of various medicinal products was reported. Sales of over-the-counter medicinal products stand out significantly. In this regard, there is a trend of increasing sales of omeprazole and famotidine, as a result of increasing demand for medicinal products for the treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion: After reviewing the sales of omeprazole and famotidine, there is no doubt that there is an upward trend. However, further studies are needed to fully evaluate the effects of omeprazole and famotidine on the COVID-19 pandemic and their potential for inclusion in therapeutic regimens.
ABSTRACT
Background: Severe viral pneumonia cases were observed in the people of Wuhan, China in December 2019. It has already affected almost every country around the globe and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. We aim to evaluate the therapeutics and safety of various off label COVID-19 drugs. Method(s): PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Centre for Disease control and prevention (CDC) portal, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and prevention (CCDC) portal, World Health Organization (WHO) portal were searched for obtaining reliable data. Result(s): COVID-19 is creating a storm of deaths and active cases globally, which is forcing the pharmaceutical companies and scientists to work day and night to find an effective and safer anti-COVID-19 medication. Various in vitro and clinical trials had been performed as well as are currently ongoing to analyze the mechanisms and therapeutics of off label medications like Chloroquine, Hydroxychloro-quine, Amodiaquine, Azithromycin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Ritonavir/Lopinavir, Umifenovir, Osel-tamivir, Ribavirin, Nafamostat, Camostat, Tocilizumab, Ivermectin, Nitazoxanide, Famotidine, Vitamin D, Corticosteroids and Dexamethasone. In vitro studies were performed by utilizing Vero E6 cells and hSLAM cells while open/closed, randomized/non-randomized, single-centered/multi-centered and retrospective clinical trials and case studies were organized to determine their safety and efficacy. Conclusion(s): Although these drugs have shown promising results against COVID-19 patients, it cannot be concluded that these drugs are truly safe and effective because there are no conclusive evidence to support the facts since only limited researches and studies had been investigated.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 invades the cells by attachment of virus spike proteins (S1, S2) to cell membrane and engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is highly expressed in the epithelium of cerebral vasculature. Here, we describe a patient with encephalitis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case presentation: A 77-year-old male patient presented with mild cough and coryza lasting for eight days without a prior history of underlying disease or neurologic disorder. Oxygen saturation (SatO2) was decreased and behavioral changes, confusion, and headaches were started within three days prior to admission. Bilateral ground glass opacifications and consolidations were noted on chest CT scan. Lymphopenia, highly elevated D-Dimer and ferritin were noted in laboratory results. Brain CT and MRI showed no changes regarding encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected as the symptoms persisted. The results of SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR from CSF and nasopharyngeal samples were positive. The combination therapy with remdesivir, interferon beta-1alpha and methylprednisolone was started. Due to deterioration of the patient's status and SatO2, he was admitted to the ICU and intubated. Tocilizumab, dexamethasone, and mannitol were started. The patient was extubated on the 16th day of ICU admission. The patient's level of consciousness and SatO2 were improved. He was discharged from the hospital a week later. Conclusion(s): RT-PCR of CSF sample along with brain imaging can help with diagnosis when encephalitis due to SARS-CoV-2 is suspected. However, no changes regarding encephalitis may be seen on brain CT or MRI. Combination therapy with antivirals, interferon beta, corticosteroids, and tocilizumab can help patients recover in these conditions.Copyright © 2022 NRITLD, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Background: The first case of COVID-19 emerged in China in 2019 and spread rap-idly worldwide. Therefore, all researchers worldwide sought ways to treat and prevent the dis-ease. Since the production of vaccines and new drugs is time-consuming, a good way is to look at existing drugs to find new effects. Objective(s): Due to the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19, most of its symptoms, including anosmia, ageusia, and cytokine storm, are dependent on the release of histamine and its activities. Therefore, one category of drugs that may be effective in treating and improving the symptoms of COVID-19 is antihistamines. This paper reviewed studies that have been done so far on the effects of antihistamines, specially famotidine, in COVID-19. Method(s): A literature search was performed using scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar from the beginning up to December 2021. The most rele-vant articles considering the potential impacts of antihistamines against COVID-19 were col-lected. Result(s): In addition to the current medications prescribed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, H1 and H2 blockers are promising drugs for repurposing in the COVID-19 remedy. Several studies on famotidine were performed using virtual screening to determine whether they are effective. Many studies have shown that famotidine use improved COVID-19 symptoms and reduced the need for intubation and mortality. However, few studies concluded that famotidine is ineffective. Conclusion(s): Antihistamines, and specifically famotidine, are effective in reducing COVID-19 symptoms. Therefore, they are a good choice for combination therapy with other drugs to treat COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Since the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 in China, COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) has taken the lives of more than six million people. Although some antivirals seem proper for treatment, the investigation of finding the best therapeutic approach for COVID-19 is still continuing. Some observational research showed that famotidine has promising effects in addition to its acid-suppressing characteristics in the treatment of COVID-19. The definite viricidal effect of famotidine is not established. Opposing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be proposed as a probable mechanism for the action of famotidine, due to its inhibitory effect on histamine release, inhibition of transmembrane protease serine S (TMPRSS) and stabilizing glycocalyx. These hypotheses should be under investigation in the future.
ABSTRACT
Despite community vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reduced mortality, there are still challenges in treatment options for the disease. Due to the continuous mutation of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the emergence of new strains, diversity in the use of existing antiviral drugs to combat the epidemic has become a crucial therapeutic chance. As a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and antiviral drug, ivermectin has traditionally been used to treat many types of disease, including DNA and RNA viral infections. Even so, based on currently available data, it is still controversial that ivermectin can be used as one of the effective antiviral agents to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or not. The aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on ivermectin, including its safety and efficacy, as well as its adverse effects in the treatment of COVID-19.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
This study has systematically investigated the types of drug delivery in the treatment and prevention of oral and dental and cardiorespiratory diseases in patients and animals involved in the disease. Early recognition of risk factors and primary prevention significantly reduces complications and mortality in chronic heart diseases. Lifestyle modification with diet, exercise and smoking cessation is very important to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. In the first days of the disease, when the patient has mild symptoms and has not yet developed respiratory symptoms, you can start treatment with painkillers for headache, sore throat and body pain, along with taking antitussive medicine and vitamin D and C although scientifically the effect of vitamin C. It is not proven, but considering that we still do not have extensive studies on this disease, it seems that taking vitamins may help the patient. Sometimes, some patients themselves start treatment with azithromycin, while this antibiotic has an effect on antibacterial infections and has no effect on the disease of Covid-19. Favipiravir treatment should be started in high-risk outpatients with corona. Of course, along with treatment with favipiravir and similar antiviral effects, it can be effective in the treatment of corona. Famotidine and melatonin, which help improve sleep and are said to have antiviral effects. Of course, melatonin medicine should be taken at around 11 to 12 at night. Because it affects the sleep and wake cycle. Montelukast along with fexofenadine, can have antiviral effects for covid-19 patients. Since the beginning of the Corona pandemic, the world has emphasized on the monthly consumption of vitamin D, but if you do not have a monthly intake, use 1000 milligrams daily or up to 50 thousand units every week and after some time continue to consume vitamin D on a monthly basis. It is also recommended to take vitamin C and magnesium, and it is better for patients to eat foods rich in protein, potassium, and dairy products.
ABSTRACT
SESSION TITLE: Poster Cases in Asthma and Allergy SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction that presents as a multitude of manifestations after exposure to an allergen. It is rare to have an anaphylactic reaction to the SARS-Cov-2 vaccine, however, we present a patient who had a prolonged anaphylactic reaction to the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself. CASE PRESENTATION: A 23-year-old female with past medical history of chronic idiopathic urticaria and dermatographism presented with fatigue, rash, rhinitis, and lip swelling in the setting of being COVID-19 positive. She had received two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine nine months prior without any adverse affects. During the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant surge, the patient was exposed to a family member who had contracted COVID-19 infection. Two days prior to presentation, she started having a diffuse rash throughout her body. In the Emergency Department, she was given IM epinephrine x2, IV Solu-Medrol and IV Benadryl with temporary improvement in her symptoms. She developed hypotension that required initiation of a continuous epinephrine infusion and was admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit. Each time the epinephrine was held, generalized urticaria recurred and she would become hypotensive with her systolic blood pressure decreasing below 80 mmHg. The urticaria completely resolved and her blood pressure improved when the epinephrine infusion was restarted. The patient was treated with remdesivir, Solu-Medrol, loratadine, and famotidine. She was able to be weaned off the epinephrine infusion over the course of four days. Immunological workup was unremarkable apart from elevation of IL-10 on her cytokine panel. DISCUSSION: The symptoms and syndromes associated with COVID-19 infection remain diverse and while urticaria has been a documented manifestation of the virus, it is uncommon (1). There is a single case report of an anaphylactic reaction in response to COVID-19 (2). Given our patient's symptoms were temporally related to the COVID-19 infection, we believe the SARS-COV-2 virus was the trigger. She did not have any other exposure during this time. This case is unique in that the virus not only triggered the urticaria, but that her symptoms persisted for four days. After receiving antiviral therapy plus steroids and antihistamines, her symptoms finally resolved. The SARS-COV-2 virus itself is primarily attacked by immune cells, including mast cells, which release an array of proinflammatory cytokines (3). We postulate that in our patient, her history of chronic urticaria predisposed her to an exaggerated inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 has clinically presented itself in a multitude of ways across many disciplines. In a patient with a history of urticaria, prolonged anaphylactic symptoms can be triggered by the virus itself. Reference #1: Adeliño R., Andrés-Cordón J.F., De la Cruz Martínez C.A. Acute urticaria with angioedema in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2386–2387. Reference #2: Alvarez-Perea A, Baeza ML. Anaphylactic shock following the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(4):477-478. Reference #3: Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Ross R, Conti P. Mast cells contribute to coronavirus-induced inflammation: new anti-inflammatory strategy. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020 January-February,;34(1):9-14. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Brianne Navetta-Modrov No relevant relationships by Azzam Paroya Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Bayer Please note: current Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with United Therapeutics Please note: more than 5 years Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Gilead Please note: $1001 - $5000 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria Removed 03/30/2022 by Pau Strachan Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Genentech Please note: $5001 - $20000 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria Removed 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Boehringer Ingelhein Please note: More than 5 years Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria Stock Ownership relationship with Pfizer Please note: Purchased in 2000-2002 Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=nothing, I purchased stock Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Portola Please note: $1001 - $5000 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria Removed 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan Stock Ownership relationship with Portola Please note: $5001 - $20000 by Paul Strachan, value=nothing, I purchased stock Removed 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan Stock Ownership relationship with La Jolla Pharmaceuticals Please note: Purchased a few years back Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=nothing, I purchased stock Stock Ownership relationship with Seatle Genetics Please note: Purchased more than 5 years ago Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=nothing, I purchased stock PI relationship with United Therapeutics Please note: Current Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Grant/Research Support PI relationship with Actelion/Janssen Please note: Current Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Grant/Research Support PI for clinicial trial relationship with Roche Please note: Current Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Grant/Research PI for clinicial trial relationship with Bellerophon Please note: Current Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Grant/Research Support Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Actelion/Janssen Please note: Current Added 03/30/2022 by Paul Strachan, value=Honoraria
ABSTRACT
Objective: To find how common weight gain was among Mosul University students during the Iraqi quarantine in 2020. Methodology: In this quantitative cross-sectional study, data were gathered using an electronic version of an Arabic-language questionnaire form from the 1st of September to 1st December 2021. We recorded demographic characteristics, eating habits and weight before and during the pandemic. Results: Out of 1688 students, 67% were males. Age of 40.17% was between 21 – 23 years. We found that 41% had same appetite and 54% had same number of meals per day and 57.6% had no extra activities. There is a significant value of age groups and gender with all forms of BMI. Conclusion: This study concluded that the there was a big difference of BMI during quarantine with a significant values of age groups and gender with all forms of BMI.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic putting the population at a high risk of infection-related health hazards, mortality and a potential failure of proper medical therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the potential use of the existing drugs that could be used as options for the medical management of COVID-19 patients. AIM: To evaluate the role of the H2 receptor blocker "famotidine" in COVID-19 illness. METHODS: This study was done on seriously ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from different institutes in Bangladesh. Patients were divided into famotidine treatment group "A" (famotidine 40 mg to 60 mg oral formulation every 8 h with other treatment as given), and control group "B" (treatment as given). National early warning score (NEWS)-2, and sequential organ failure assessment day-1 score was calculated to evaluate the outcome. Outcomes were evaluated by the time required for clinical improvement, characterized as duration required from enrollment to the achievement of NEWS-2 of ≤ 2 maintained for 24 h; time to symptomatic recovery, defined as the duration in days (from randomization) required for the recovery of the COVID-19 symptoms; mortality rate; duration of ICU and hospital stay; total period of hospitalization; the rate of supplementary oxygen requirement; the computed tomography (CT) chest recovery (%), the time required for the viral clearance and "NEWS-2" on discharge. RESULTS: A total of 208 patients were enrolled in this study with 104 patients in each group. The famotidine treatment group had comparatively better recovery of 75% and a low mortality of 25% than the control with a recovery of 70% and a mortality of 30%. Duration of clinical improvement (group A 9.53 d, group B 14.21 d); hospitalization period among the recovered patients (group A 13.04 d, group B 16.31 d), pulmonary improvement in chest CT (group A 21.7%, group B 13.2%), and the time for viral clearance (group A 20.7 d, group B 23.8 d) were found to be statistically significant P ≤ 0.05. However, the Kaplan Meier survival test was not significant among the two study groups, P = 0.989. CONCLUSION: According to our study, treatment with famotidine achieved a better clinical outcome compared to the control group in severe COVID-19 illness, although no significant survival benefit was found.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is one of the most serious global health crises in recent history. COVID-19 patient symptoms range from life-threatening to mild and asymptomatic, which presents unique problems in identifying, quarantining, and treating the affected individuals. The emergence of unusual symptoms among survivors, now referred to as "Long COVID", is concerning, especially since much about the condition and the treatment of it is still relatively unknown. Evidence so far also suggests that some of these symptoms can be attributed to vascular inflammation. Although famotidine, the commonly used histamine H2 receptor (H2R) blocker, was shown to have no antiviral activity, recent reports indicate that it could prevent adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Histamine is a classic proinflammatory mediator, the levels of which increase along with other cytokines during COVID-19 infection. Histamine activates H2R signaling, while famotidine specifically blocks H2R activation. Investigating the effects of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 Receptor-Binding Domain (Spike) on ACE2 expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells, we found that the presence of histamine potentiated spike-mediated ACE2 internalization into endothelial cells. This effect was blocked by famotidine, protein kinase A inhibition, or by H2 receptor protein knockdown. Together, these results indicate that histamine and histamine receptor signaling is likely essential for spike protein to induce ACE2 internalization in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction and that this effect can be blocked by the H2R blocker, famotidine.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess acceptance of vaccination against Coronavirus by nursing students of Mosul City. Methodology: This quantitative cross-sectional study collected data by using questionnaires from 215 students of College of Nursing, University of Mosul, Iraq from September 20 to December 20, 2021. All respondents were 18 – 30 years old. Results: Age of students was 20 to 26 years, (mean22.34 1.76). Almost two-thirds of respondents (70%) agreed that the nursing student should be vaccinated against Covid 19. Conclusion: The acceptability rate was significantly high among females. Higher acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination among nursing students was related with their age group and stage of study.